Freezing hot water pipes - What to do if your pipes are frozen. If they are frozen, first turn on the faucet. Water will drip as you warm the pipes. Heat the pipes using a space heater, heating pad, electric hair dryer or hot water on a cloth. Never use an open flame to thaw frozen pipes and faucets.

 
Dec 21, 2022 · Yes, leaving faucets dripping during freezing weather can help prevent pipes from bursting. When temperatures drop, the water in your pipes can freeze and lead to a burst pipe. But you may be able to prevent that by allowing water to drip from your faucets. Fall is quickly turning into winter, and temperatures across much of the U.S. reflect it. . Best coffee shops in washington dc

Feb 14, 2021 ... Comments194 ; Frozen Water Pipe - How to Test Your House for Freezing Pipes. Two Moose Home Inspections · 52K views ; How to FIX a frozen ...Different Ways to Thaw Exposed Pipes. Wrap a section of the pad using an electric heating pad. Aim a hairdryer on high at a section of the pipe. Keep aiming the …As you treat the frozen pipe and the frozen area begins to melt, water will begin to flow through the frozen area. Running water through the pipe will help melt more ice in the …When water freezes, the molecules slow down and assume a fixed position, although not quite in the way that one might think. Water is made of molecules with two hydrogen atoms and ...Johanna Nordblad began free diving under the Arctic ice to save one of her legs afflicted with necrosis. She now holds a world record in this sport. AFTER AN ACCIDENT, Johanna’s le...Feb 1, 2023 ... Consumer Reports says your thermostat should never be set lower than 55 degrees. FEELING THE HEAT: HOME ENERGY COSTS SPIKE WELL BEYOND PREDICTED ...I don't have access to the frozen section of pipe (without major demo), so I can't heat the pipe directly. If I open the hot and cold tap on the sink faucet at the same time, while also opening the cold tap on the tub in an adjacent bathroom (which is also affected by the frozen pipe). The hot water backflows through the diverter of the faucet ...Nov 20, 2023 ... According to Weather.com, southern states generally start having issues with frozen pipes when the temperature reaches about 20 degrees ...Adding lemon to your water is a great way to give it some flavor, but a pitcher full of water and lemon slices needs to be emptied quickly or else the water will start to taste bit...Running hot water, or any temperature of water, can actually help prevent pipes from freezing. “Keeping the pipes running actually is a good way to try to prevent freezing from happening in the ...Homeowners can take several steps to prevent frozen pipes, such as: 1. Install Insulation. Install insulation around any exposed pipes — this includes both cold and hot water pipes as well as drain lines. Exposed drain pipes are most likely to freeze during a cold snap, so take measures to protect them now.Run tape lengthwise: Run heat tape lengthwise along the lowest portion of pipes to avoid moisture pooling. Wrap securely: Wrap heat tape smoothly and securely around pipes without gaps. Follow product instructions. Plug into outlet: Plug heat tape into a GFCI electrical outlet equipped with a weatherproof cover.Jan 20, 2018 · Ambient Heat. This is probably the easiest method of thawing frozen pipes. If your frozen pipe is indoors, simply raise the temperature in the room with a space heater. If the frozen pipe is under a sink, place the space heater near the area with the door open. Check the plumbing periodically to see if the heater defrosted the pipes. 1. It's likely frozen just before or just after the water heater in a location that's between the warm part of the house and the warm zone immediately surrounding the heater. At this point, your next move is likely to head up to the attic and inspect the pipes. Look for cracks or splits especially near elbows. Share.Dip towels in hot water and wrap them around the pipe. Change the towels as they begin to cool down. Turn on your hairdryer to maximum heat and slowly oscillate it around the frozen area of the water pipe. Keep the water faucet on. As the pipe thaws, the water pressure pushes water through gaps in the ice, hastening the thawing process.It’s an age-old question with a simple answer: no. By Sarah Jensen. Since the time of Aristotle, researchers and amateur scientists alike have batted about the counterintuitive theory that hot water freezes faster than cold. The notion even has a name: the Mpemba effect, named for a Tanzanian schoolboy who in 1963 noticed that the ice cream ...Jan 12, 2024 ... How to unfreeze or thaw frozen pipes: · First, you will want to open the faucet of the pipe because flowing water can help the ice melt faster, ...Thaw frozen pipes with warm air from a hair dryer, if practical. Start by warming the pipe as close to the faucet as possible, working toward the coldest ...Open faucets to allow a tiny trickle of water to run through. Keeping the water moving helps prevent it from freezing. If pipes located inside cabinetry are in jeopardy of …Insulating your water pipes lowers the risk of the water freezing inside the pipe, which reduces the risk of cracks, breaks, and the inevitable water damage that occurs once the ice thaws. Your goal is to stop the damage before it starts. ... Insulating your hot water pipes is a great way to lower your energy costs. First, it …Jan 12, 2024 ... Also keep cabinet doors open to allow warm air to circulate around pipes. Make sure outdoor spigots are cut off and aren't retaining any water, ...Oct 20, 2023 · 1. Turn off the Power and Water Supply. If defrosting pipes doesn’t get your water heater working, shut off the circuit breaker as well as the water and gas shut-off valves serving your heater. 2. Disconnect the Water Heater. Disconnect the tank and take it to an out-of-the-way part of your home, like a garage. Whether the contractor uses PEX tubing or copper, water feed lines can freeze. Even if you live in Florida, Arizona, Texas or other warm area, insulate all plumbing. Insulation is MUCH cheaper than cleanup and re-installation of burst pipes. To prevent frozen pipes, consider: Plumbing Locations. If possible, place …Prevention: The simplest thing most of us can do is to make sure we keep the wind off the pipes. The best method is to insulate any pipes exposed to the cold temperatures. For those with unfinished basements – make sure all the windows are closed. For those with crawl spaces – make sure the vents are closed & the door is fully closed.It’s 100% possible to put insulation around hot water pipes. Insulating hot water pipes helps keep the pipe from getting too cold and potentially freezing, which would require costly repairs. But if your insulation is not rated for high temperatures, it may melt or be damaged by the heat. The best type of insulation …Wrap the cable with pipe insulation, then plug in the cable. The cable will keep the pipe from reaching the freezing point of water, and your pipe will not freeze. A method to prevent freezing pipes is to allow the water in the pipe to drip slowly from the faucet. This technique is especially effective with a hot water pipe.Oct 19, 2022 · Set up fans to blow heat into cold rooms, or use space heaters. Open vanity or cabinet doors so warm air can reach the pipes under sinks. If you have exposed pipes inside closets or pantries, leave doors open. Keep the garage door closed. Reduced water flow is usually the first sign ice is forming in your pipes. At -20 any cold air intrusion could easily freeze a pipe. One thing you should do right now is to open faucets slightly to allow the water in the pipe that is freezing to expand. Pipes burst due to hydraulic pressure from the expanding water. That is why pipes often burst at a location away from the actual freeze point.Place the heater close to the frozen pipes but not in direct contact. Safety Precaution: Keep flammable materials away from the heater, and never leave it unattended. Warm Towels. Soak towels in hot water and wrap them around the frozen pipe. This method is labor-intensive as you must re-soak the towels in hot …Feb 11, 2021 · Yeah, seems like a good plan. – FreeMan. Feb 11, 2021 at 20:02. The pipes pretty much rely on heat in the house to prevent freezing Because 72 hours of cold is predicted , draining pipes is the least you can do . The water heater tank is probably safe. – blacksmith37. Feb 11, 2021 at 20:19. Nov 20, 2023 · This video provides step-by-step instruction on how to effectively insulate your hot water pipes, saving you energy + money. U.S. Department of Energy. You should also know that you need to take special precautions to make sure your solar water heaters don't freeze if you live in a cold enough climate. Your pipes are vulnerable. 1. Let The Faucets Drip. ‍. The most common advice to keep pipes from freezing is to let the faucets drip during cold weather. This is not only because it takes longer for running water to freeze, but also because it relieves pressure in the …Recirculating hot water around the clock will prevent frozen pipes – but not efficiently. Discover other cost-effective and energy-efficient options for keeping pipes thawed through the winter. LESLIE: Julie in Missouri, which is probably freezing, just like everybody else in the United States of America has been this …Feb 10, 2021 · PEX is available in a variety of lengths, from short 10-foot pieces (for small repairs) to rolls over 500 feet long, which are used to install a home’s entire water supply system. PEX pipe ... 1. Add salt to frozen drains where you can’t reach the pipe. Salt lowers the melting point of ice, causing it to melt at colder temperatures (this is why you salt a sidewalk after heavy snow). Pour a tablespoon (15 …Ambient Heat. This is probably the easiest method of thawing frozen pipes. If your frozen pipe is indoors, simply raise the temperature in the room with a space heater. If the frozen pipe is under a sink, place the space heater near the area with the door open. Check the plumbing periodically to see if the heater defrosted the pipes.Drain your water heater. Insulate your pipes. Run a trickle of water to keep the heater on. This guide will walk you through these steps to prevent your water heater from freezing on the coldest winter days. We’ll look at everything from improving insulation to changing the location of your water heater. 1.Advertisement The basic idea of freeze-drying is to completely remove water from some material, such as food, while leaving the basic structure and composition of the material inta...Turn off the water supply at the cold-water intake. Turn off power (pilot mode for gas, circuit breaker switch for electric). Attach a hose to the drain valve at the bottom and run it to a floor drain. Open the nearest hot water tap to vent the pressure. Open the hot water valve – be careful as hot water releases.Yes antifreeze will reduce the likely hood of frozen heat pipes. If the electric goes out you will have no heat but the pipes will not freeze. You then need to worry about your potable water pipes. But with them you can just run a pencil stream out of the faucets. The antifreeze need to be checked every year. It turns acidic …Use a heated water hose to keep your fresh water from freezing. Will Frozen Pipes Unfreeze on Their Own? Once your pipes freeze, they’ll be out of commission until they warm back up. However, frozen pipes will thaw out once their temperature reaches above 32 degrees Fahrenheit. Thus you can usually add heat to an area to get them …While we can’t control the weather, there are things we can do to prevent pipes from freezing. To prevent pipes from freezing and causing major damage, follow these steps: Drain water from pipes that are likely to freeze. This includes your swimming pool and sprinkler water supply lines. Disconnect any hoses from the outside of your …Hot water freezes faster than cold water, a phenomenon known as the Mpemba effect. The effect is named after a Tanzanian high school student who provided an interesting parable abo...Towels soaked in hot water can also be used to wrap frozen pipes in. Heat the water for the towels in a pot or other suitable container on the stove. 5. Have someone else check that water running through the faucet works normally if necessary. 6. Check other faucets 1 at a time around the house.Do not open the water meter box near the curb, which could increase the chance of freezing water at the meter. Water Bureau crews can respond to broken pipes reported to the 24 …Advertisement The basic idea of freeze-drying is to completely remove water from some material, such as food, while leaving the basic structure and composition of the material inta...Jan 12, 2024 ... How to unfreeze or thaw frozen pipes: · First, you will want to open the faucet of the pipe because flowing water can help the ice melt faster, ...Mar 29, 2006 · It has been claimed that this effect leads to hot-water pipes bursting more readily than cold, since deeper supercooling leads to ice fingers that advance right across the pipe and block the flow, while freezing nearer to 0 °C just produces a sheath of ice on the pipe surfaces with an open channel in the centre. Feb 14, 2021 ... Comments194 ; Frozen Water Pipe - How to Test Your House for Freezing Pipes. Two Moose Home Inspections · 52K views ; How to FIX a frozen ...Insulating your water pipes lowers the risk of the water freezing inside the pipe, which reduces the risk of cracks, breaks, and the inevitable water damage that occurs once the ice thaws. Your goal is to stop the damage before it starts. ... Insulating your hot water pipes is a great way to lower your energy costs. First, it …How to Unfreeze Pipes · Use a hair dryer to direct heated air toward the pipe. · Position an electric space heater to warm the pipe. · Soak cloths in hot water...Dec 21, 2021 · Continue to apply heat. Don’t stop heating until full water pressure is restored. Even then, it’s a good idea to leave the faucet open for a few minutes after the pipe is thawed. This will give the ice time to completely clear from the line. Step 4. Check all faucets and prevent pipes from freezing in the future. Subscribe Now:http://www.youtube.com/subscription_center?add_user=ehowatHomeChannelWatch More:http://www.youtube.com/ehowatHomeChannelFixing frozen hot water...Jan 12, 2022 ... If that doesn't work or your hot water pipe is frozen, use a hair dryer set on high heat. Hold the hair dryer a few inches away from the section ...Apply heat until full water pressure is restored. If you are unable to locate the frozen area, if the frozen area is not accessible, or if you cannot thaw the ...Do not open the water meter box near the curb, which could increase the chance of freezing water at the meter. Water Bureau crews can respond to broken pipes reported to the 24 …Remove, drain, and store hoses used outdoors. Close inside valves supplying outdoor hose bibs. Open the outside hose bibs to allow water to drain. Keep the outside valve open so that any water ...The best way to prevent outdoor water pipes from freezing is to start what is called a ‘drip’ to continue to move water through your pipes at a slow pace. The ‘drip’ is just a slow stream of water (both hot and cold) that keeps liquid moving through the pipes and avoids water pressure, especially when the pipes are not …Feb 13, 2024 · Step 2: Shut off water to the house. Once you have found the frozen pipe, go to the main water supply valve and turn it clockwise to its “off” position. Next, turn on the water at all the sink ... Oct 27, 2020 · Heat Tape. Attach the heat tape to the frozen pipe using electrical tape. Do not wrap the heat tape around the pipe. Be sure the heat sensor makes direct contact with the pipe (see photo). Next, wrap the pipe and heat tape with foam pipe insulation. Connect the heat tape to a heavy-duty extension cord, keeping the plug away from any dripping water. 1. Our cold water in the kitchen isn't working, the hot water is fine. It is a single faucet, so when I turn it to cold water, nothing comes out. I turned the heat up in the house, and have opened the cabinet doors. I saw on another site, to let the hot water run for 10-20 minutes, and hope the close proximity of the pipes help the cold. A couple of good choices for heating up your frozen pipe are: - Hair dryer. - Hot towels (just keep replacing them as they cool off). - Space heater. ... If you want to check to see if the pipes are clear of frozen water plugs before you put fresh water back into your system, depending on how your system is piped, you might be able …Keep the faucet open.Running water through the pipe will help melt ice. Apply heat to the frozen section of the pipe by wrapping with towels soaked in hot water or using an electric heating pad ...Feb 13, 2024 · Step 2: Shut off water to the house. Once you have found the frozen pipe, go to the main water supply valve and turn it clockwise to its “off” position. Next, turn on the water at all the sink ... frozen pipes. by: Mickey . We have a 5th wheel with frozen pipes. The outside hose is a heat hose and is plugged in and there are heat lamps under the rv. The spicket is covered with insulation also.I had water about 1 hr. ago and now nothing. I don’t know if this is relevant or not but I didn’t have hot water last night.A. Foster Lyons, an engineer and building-science consultant, responds: The short answer is because hot-water pipes aren’t attached to toilets, which help reduce the …Pipe insulation can protect the pipes from freezing and cracking in the winter, which can cause considerable damage in the walls of the home and result in significant home repair bills for the homeowner. ... R403.4.2 Hot water pipe should be insulated to at least R-3 if it meets any of the following conditions: is in …As the temperatures drop and winter approaches, it’s important to take steps to protect your pipes from freezing. Frozen pipes can lead to costly repairs and inconvenience. Before ...Scottish Water says you should never turn on the hot taps in this situation, as “if you have a hot water cylinder it may collapse if the pipes leading to it are frozen.Pex Pipe Freezing & Tankless Hot Water Heater Too. 2. Concerns about a pipe that keeps freezing. 1. Shower is too cold, despite cartridge setting. 2. Sanity check on hot water line for dishwasher installation where there wasn't one before. 0. Dishwasher not getting hot water. Hot Network QuestionsEven though frozen pipes often will thaw naturally, allowing frozen water to sit in pipes does increase the chance of a burst pipe. So heat tape can be applied to speed thawing and get the water running again. However, heat tape works best if it is placed on a pipe before the temperatures take a dive.Mar 7, 2018 · To relieve this pressure, leave the faucets open to keep the water flowing, even if it’s just a trickle. Run both the cold and hot water since both are subject to freezing, added Michaels. To ... 2. Locate the Frozen Pipe. With the water shut off, try to find which pipe in your home is frozen. Check the pipes in your basement, crawl space, and attic. You should also check any exterior pipes and those inside cabinets, such as the ones under your sink. You'll know a pipe is frozen if it has frost on the outside. 1. Our cold water in the kitchen isn't working, the hot water is fine. It is a single faucet, so when I turn it to cold water, nothing comes out. I turned the heat up in the house, and have opened the cabinet doors. I saw on another site, to let the hot water run for 10-20 minutes, and hope the close proximity of the pipes help the cold. Jan 20, 2018 · Ambient Heat. This is probably the easiest method of thawing frozen pipes. If your frozen pipe is indoors, simply raise the temperature in the room with a space heater. If the frozen pipe is under a sink, place the space heater near the area with the door open. Check the plumbing periodically to see if the heater defrosted the pipes. Pipe insulation can protect the pipes from freezing and cracking in the winter, which can cause considerable damage in the walls of the home and result in significant home repair bills for the homeowner. ... R403.4.2 Hot water pipe should be insulated to at least R-3 if it meets any of the following conditions: is in …How to Unfreeze Pipes · Use a hair dryer to direct heated air toward the pipe. · Position an electric space heater to warm the pipe. · Soak cloths in hot water...Here's what to do: • Leave the faucet on and watch for water flow. Running water, even cold water, will help melt ice in the pipe. • Use a hair dryer to warm the pipe. …If your pipes have frozen in a mobile home, the best way to make sure they thaw out is to do so gently. Pour salt down your drains, turn on your faucets, look for leaks in your skirting, and turn up the heat throughout your home. If your main water line is frozen, plug in the heat tape or replace it. There are so … If your main water line is frozen, the first thing you should do is check the heat tape. It should feel warm to the touch. If it doesn’t, make sure the outlet that the heat tape is plugged into is working. If you have a thermostat on the heat tape, make sure that it isn’t located in a warm spot preventing the heat-tape from coming on. Jul 31, 2023 · Let warm water drip overnight when temperatures are cold, preferably from a faucet on an outside wall. Adjust the thermostat. Keeping your thermostat set at the same temperature day and night may help prevent frozen pipes. During extreme cold, this may also help reduce the strain on the furnace. Open cabinet doors. The reason being is that the water heater will still be trying to heat the water even though the pipes are frozen. This can cause additional damage to the water heater. In addition, when …Dec 28, 2020 · As water travels along the plumbing lines in a home without pipe insulation, hot water tends to lose heat and cold water tends to gain heat. Introduce pipe insulation, and you greatly diminish ... How to protect pipes from freezing. Drain water from any swimming pool and water sprinkler supply lines following manufacturer's or installer's directions. Do not put …Use a heated water hose to keep your fresh water from freezing. Will Frozen Pipes Unfreeze on Their Own? Once your pipes freeze, they’ll be out of commission until they warm back up. However, frozen pipes will thaw out once their temperature reaches above 32 degrees Fahrenheit. Thus you can usually add heat to an area to get them …Jan 7, 2013 · Yes antifreeze will reduce the likely hood of frozen heat pipes. If the electric goes out you will have no heat but the pipes will not freeze. You then need to worry about your potable water pipes. But with them you can just run a pencil stream out of the faucets. The antifreeze need to be checked every year. It turns acidic and needs to be ... When Frozen Pipes Are a Concern. Whenever the temperature outdoors is 32 degrees Fahrenheit or lower, your home is at a higher risk for frozen water lines. Your ...The time it takes to freeze a gallon of water varies from minutes to several hours. The time it takes is based on several factors including temperature and the pureness of the wate...A. Foster Lyons, an engineer and building-science consultant, responds: The short answer is because hot-water pipes aren’t attached to toilets, which help reduce the number of burst cold-water pipes. Here’s why. Water expands when it freezes, increasing in volume about 9% from its liquid state. That’s why ice floats—it’s less dense ...

His comments detailed the fact that "Hot water pipes will freeze quicker than cold water pipes". I thought this information sounded a bit flawed but not knowing for sure, I thought I'd ask the membership here if anyone had any documented data on the subject. I find it rather hard to believe that the hot water …. Ear hair removal wax

freezing hot water pipes

Sep 15, 2023 · Open the faucet that is supplied by the frozen pipe; do this even if you don't know where the blockage is. Identify the frozen pipe and locate the blockage. Follow the pipe back from the faucet to where it runs through cold areas, such as an exterior wall or unheated crawl space. Look for areas of the pipe that have frost or ice; it may also be ... Water freezes at 32 degrees, so technically that is the temperature at which it becomes possible for pipes to freeze as well. That said, it’s not quite that simple. Pipes can freeze at 32 degrees or below, but it will take a sustained period of time for this to happen. In other words, a pipe needs to be at freezing …Starting at the water heater, measure lengths of insulation needed to cover all accessible hot water pipes, especially the first 3 feet of pipe from the water heater. It's also a good idea to insulate the cold-water inlet pipes for the first 3 feet. 2) Cut the pipe sleeve. Cut the insulation to the lengths needed. 3) Place the pipe sleeve.Shut off your water – You need to find your main water supply valve. · Try to find the frozen pipe – Remember that it's most likely in a basement, crawl space, ...Feb 21, 2023 · Towels soaked in hot water can also be used to wrap frozen pipes in. Heat the water for the towels in a pot or other suitable container on the stove. 5. Have someone else check that water running through the faucet works normally if necessary. 6. Check other faucets 1 at a time around the house. Hot water tanks are an essential component of any residential or commercial building, providing a steady supply of hot water for various purposes. To ensure the proper functioning ...May 28, 2022 · Seal the seam, using either the self-adhesive strip integrated into the sleeve or duct tape applied along the length of the slit. If necessary, continue with the next sleeve, butting it against the end of the previous sleeve. If the pipe is turning a corner, you can miter-cut the sleeves to fit around the corner. Sep 7, 2023 · 2. Locate the Frozen Pipe. With the water shut off, try to find which pipe in your home is frozen. Check the pipes in your basement, crawl space, and attic. You should also check any exterior pipes and those inside cabinets, such as the ones under your sink. You'll know a pipe is frozen if it has frost on the outside. Open faucets to allow a tiny trickle of water to run through. Keeping the water moving helps prevent it from freezing. If pipes located inside cabinetry are in jeopardy of …When preventing freezing is the goal, insulate both the hot- and cold-water pipes. Hot water pipes can also freeze unless water is actively running through them. If the goal is to lower water-heating costs, then it's wise to insulate hot water pipes wherever you have access to them. This will help prevent heat from radiating away from the hot ...Jan 12, 2022 ... If that doesn't work or your hot water pipe is frozen, use a hair dryer set on high heat. Hold the hair dryer a few inches away from the section ...Jan 27, 2023 · Gently wrap the heat tape around the pipe without overlapping, plug it into a power outlet, and remove it once the frozen pipe thaws. 7. Wrap the Pipe in Hot Towels. Heat water in your sink, wear gloves, and submerge the towels in hot water. Wring them out and wrap the hot towels around the frozen pipe. Run Water Regularly. When extreme cold spells hit and you’re worried about the pipes, a tried-and-true practice is to leave water running at a slow, constant drip. Let the cold water drip from a faucet served by exposed pipes. Running water through the pipe—even at a trickle—helps prevent pipes from …Nov 21, 2022 · Dip towels in hot water and wrap them around the pipe. Change the towels as they begin to cool down. Turn on your hairdryer to maximum heat and slowly oscillate it around the frozen area of the water pipe. Keep the water faucet on. As the pipe thaws, the water pressure pushes water through gaps in the ice, hastening the thawing process. Homeowners can take several steps to prevent frozen pipes, such as: 1. Install Insulation. Install insulation around any exposed pipes — this includes both cold and hot water pipes as well as drain lines. Exposed drain pipes are most likely to freeze during a cold snap, so take measures to protect them now.Remove, drain, and store hoses used outdoors. Close inside valves supplying outdoor hose bibs. Open the outside hose bibs to allow water to drain. Keep the outside valve open so that any water ...Pex Pipe Freezing & Tankless Hot Water Heater Too. 2. Concerns about a pipe that keeps freezing. 1. Shower is too cold, despite cartridge setting. 2. Sanity check on hot water line for dishwasher installation where there wasn't one before. 0. Dishwasher not getting hot water. Hot Network QuestionsOct 27, 2020 · Heat Tape. Attach the heat tape to the frozen pipe using electrical tape. Do not wrap the heat tape around the pipe. Be sure the heat sensor makes direct contact with the pipe (see photo). Next, wrap the pipe and heat tape with foam pipe insulation. Connect the heat tape to a heavy-duty extension cord, keeping the plug away from any dripping water. Frozen pipes can cause a multitude of problems, chiefly among them a lack of hot water for bathing, no drinking water, and worse. Naturally, the biggest cause ....

Popular Topics