What do jewish people believe about jesus

What do jewish people believe about jesus

What do jewish people believe about jesus. The relation of Jesus’ teaching to the Jewish law. Jewish law is the focus of many passages in the Gospels. According to one set, especially prominent in the Sermon on the Mount (Matthew 5–7), Jesus admonished his followers to observe the law unwaveringly (Matthew 5:17–48). According to another set, he did not adhere strictly to the law ... Mar 8, 2016 ... The modern Jewish state is not only the “Promised Land” for Jews, but the only country in the world where they form a majority of the population ...Who was Jesus Christ? This question has been asked by millions of people throughout history, and the answer holds immense significance for millions more. Jesus Christ is a central ... God sent Jesus through the Jewish people to the rest of the world. Jewish people also have a calling to proclaim the gospel, and the Jewish apostle Paul assures us that “the gifts and the calling of God are irrevocable” (Romans 11:29). We’re still chosen to bring His good news to the world. Canavan disease is a condition that affects how the body breaks down and uses aspartic acid. Canavan disease is a condition that affects how the body breaks down and uses aspartic ...Judaism: Basic Beliefs Jewish people believe in the Torah, which was the whole of the laws given to the Israelities at Sinai. They believe they must follow God's laws which govern …The Book of James is one of the most beloved books of the New Testament. It is filled with practical advice and timeless wisdom that can be applied to our lives today. The Book of ...Accepting Jesus as a divine being would have meant that there were two Gods, not only the God of Abraham, Isaac, and Jacob, their traditional God, but also Jesus, whom they were now being asked to ...The concept of the rapture has been a topic of fascination and debate among theologians and believers for centuries. While the term “rapture” itself does not appear in the Bible, i...Muslims believe that Jesus was a very important prophet of God, and that he was indeed the Messiah awaited by the Jews of ancient Palestine. Like Christians, Muslims believe Jesus' mission was to reestablish justice among people and rectify deviations that had developed in the religion of the One God. Muslims share with Christians belief in Jesus' …I believe the (Jewish) Messiah and (Christian) Christ will be one in the same! I also believe we need to be prepared when that Day of the Lord happens. Jesus came with one agenda – to pay for ...The nation of Israel as a whole did not accept Jesus when He was on earth. The apostle Paul said that even their unbelief became a blessing to the rest of the world, because they were temporarily cut off from God's salvation and the Gentiles took their place. When the Jews refused to believe, the rest of us were offered a chance. Medieval Attitudes Toward Christianity. Attacks on Christian dogma are found in medieval Jewish writings from the biblical commentaries of Rashi and [David] Kimhi, refuting the Christian claim that the Old Testament contains prophesies anticipating the coming of Jesus, through works of apologetics such as the Kuzari of Judah Halevi and the Faith Strengthened of [the Karaite] Isaac of Troki (d ... Jun 5, 2016 ... You were born a Jew, and you will die a Jew. Rabbi Moss also says that rabbis and educated Jews would never accept Jesus as the Messiah. He ...Aug 8, 2023 · Why do people think that Jews killed Jesus? The origin of “Jews killed Jesus” is found in the Gospel of Matthew (27:25) within the New Testament. This passage references Jewish religious ... According to Jewish tradition, scholars who worked on the Septuagint 5 translation of the Hebrew Scriptures for King Ptolemy were embarrassed by the plural pronouns in Genesis 1:26. They took the liberty of changing the text from “let us” to “let me.” 6 Such “liberty” violates the sacredness of Scripture.Feb 20, 2019 · For centuries, the most common image of Jesus Christ, at least in Western cultures, has been that of a bearded, fair-skinned man with long, wavy, light brown or blond hair and (often) blue eyes ... “Jewish rabbis who did not like Jesus or his followers accused him of being a magician and leading people astray,” he says, “but they never said he didn’t exist.” REJECTED …Religious rites and customs in Palestine: the Temple and the synagogues. Until its destruction in 70 ce, the most important religious institution of the Jews was the Temple in Jerusalem (the Second Temple, erected 538–516 bce).Although services were interrupted for three years by Antiochus IV Epiphanes (167–164 bce) and although the Roman …Rosen and his followers claim that Jesus' coming was predicted in ancient Hebrew Scriptures, and therefore, if Jews follow the Torah, then they must believe in ...Religious rites and customs in Palestine: the Temple and the synagogues. Until its destruction in 70 ce, the most important religious institution of the Jews was the Temple in Jerusalem (the Second Temple, erected 538–516 bce).Although services were interrupted for three years by Antiochus IV Epiphanes (167–164 bce) and although the Roman …Jun 5, 2016 ... You were born a Jew, and you will die a Jew. Rabbi Moss also says that rabbis and educated Jews would never accept Jesus as the Messiah. He ...The history of Jewish surnames is a fascinating topic that can be explored through a variety of resources. One such resource is a database that contains information about Jewish su...The Jews also believed that they had been specially chosen by the one God of the universe to serve him and obey his laws. Although set apart from other people, they believed God …The Vatican's Commission for Religious Relations with Jews has released a major new document claiming that Jews are saved even without believing in Jesus Christ. The theological document, titled " The Gifts and Calling of God are irrevocable ," was presented by a group of Catholic and Jewish leaders during a press conference at the …Feb 19, 2022 ... The authors said that they defined Messianic as Jews who "accept the traditional historic Christology. We asked if Jesus is viewed as both fully ...wall textures drywallroad runner car transport The dispensationalist belief in two people of God—Christians and Jews—is contrary to Catholic teaching and to mainline Protestant belief. Again, it didn’t exist until two centuries ago. And Catholics (and most Protestants) believe that Jesus was indeed accepted by many Jews: the Virgin Mary, Peter, the apostles, and many others.A new Pew Research Center survey of more than 4,700 U.S. adults finds that one-third of Americans say they do not believe in the God of the Bible, but that they do believe there is some other higher power or spiritual force in the universe. A slim majority of Americans (56%) say they believe in God “as described in the Bible.”. According to the. Torah. , the Messiah will be: a male descendant of the Jewish King David. human - he will have a human birth and human parents. a perfect teacher of God’s law. a great ... Angels are supernatural beings that appear widely throughout Jewish literature. The Hebrew word for angel, mal’ach, means messenger, and the angels in early biblical sources deliver specific information or carry out some particular function.In the Torah, an angel prevents Abraham from slaughtering his son Isaac, appears to Moses in the burning …Jewish deicide is the notion that the Jews as a people are collectively responsible for the killing of Jesus, even through the successive generations following his death. [1] [2] A Biblical justification for the charge of Jewish deicide is derived from Matthew 27:24–25 . The notion arose in early Christianity, the charge was made by Justin ...May 11, 2021 · Meanwhile, 44% of Jews of no religion say they do not believe in any higher power. Nine-in-ten Orthodox Jews (93%) say they believe in the God of the Bible, compared with 37% of Conservative Jews, 18% of Reform Jews and 12% of Jews with no denomination. U.S. Christians are far more likely than U.S. Jews to say they believe in God as described ... Often, however, Jewish folktales about the golem tell what happens when things go awry–when the power of life-force goes astray, often with tragic results. The classic narrative of the golem tells of how Rabbi Judah Loew of Prague (known as the Maharal; 1525-1609) creates a golem to defend the Jewish community from anti-Semitic attacks.Second, all Jewish people have not rejected Jesus as the Messiah. Just as the apostle Paul was a Jewish person who believed (Rom. 11:1), “so too, at the present ... Judaism, as the Jewish religion came to be known in the 1st century ce, was based on ancient Israelite religion, shorn of many of its Canaanite characteristics but with the addition of important features from Babylonia and Persia. The Jews differed from other people in the ancient world because they believed that there was only one God. the best porn webswawa milkshake Thomas Reese. (RNS) — To understand the Eucharist, we must remember that Jesus and his first disciples were all Jews. We might even say the first Christians were Jewish heretics because, unlike ...Judaism is more than an abstract intellectual system, though there have been many efforts to view it systematically. It affirms divine sovereignty disclosed in creation (nature) and in history, without necessarily insisting upon—but at the same time not rejecting—metaphysical speculation about the divine. It insists that the community has ...The dispensationalist belief in two people of God—Christians and Jews—is contrary to Catholic teaching and to mainline Protestant belief. Again, it didn’t exist until two centuries ago. And Catholics (and most Protestants) believe that Jesus was indeed accepted by many Jews: the Virgin Mary, Peter, the apostles, and many others.Dec 28, 2021 ... Jews don't believe Jesus was the son of God, or that Mary gave birth to him as a virgin. ... The Torah says, “they were the heroes of old, the men ... santa fe breakfast JESUS - NOT A DEITY ... The Christian idea of a trinity contradicts the most basic tenet of Judaism - that G-d is One. Jews have declared their belief in a single ... best restaurants in portsmouth nhmontana sapphire ringswinter wonderland monopoly go Jul 24, 2019 · 1:28. When Alabama Gov. Kay Ivey, a Republican, signed into law in May one of the nation’s most restrictive abortion bans, she invoked her faith. “To the bill’s many supporters, this ... The concept of the rapture is one that has been discussed for centuries, with its roots in the Bible. It is a belief that at some point in the future, all believers in Jesus Christ... mens wide hiking boots Of course, Jesus was a Jew. He was born of a Jewish mother, in Galilee, a Jewish part of the world. All of his friends, associates, colleagues, disciples, all of them were Jews. He regularly ... mobians.ai Thus would they collaborate in keeping the commandments at home. [51] Throughout the years that followed, up to Jesus' public ministry, Mary was, for Jesus, what every Jewish mother was supposed to be for her child. “While Joseph was alive Mary apparently went with him to Passover, Pentecost, and Tabernacles.”.Most Jews believe in sin (at least once a year—on Yom Kippur)! Yom Kippur, the Day of Atonement, is the holiest and most somber day of the Jewish year. Yom Kippur concludes the Ten Days of Awe that begin with Rosh Hashanah (the Jewish New Year). Like Rosh Hashanah, Yom Kippur is a prospective holiday, when we prepare for …Salvation is through Messiah, but Torah still has value for our lives. As Jewish followers of Yeshua (Jesus), we value our Jewish identity and believe in the holiness and significance of the Torah. The Torah is God’s Word and will not pass away. As Jewish people, we believe that we are called to be a light to the nations through the covenant ...In the gospel stories about Jesus, the Jews are often identified as the opposition—even the enemy. This conflict is now read as Christians vs. Jews, rather than the internal Jewish dispute it was in the first century. It is a text that has shaped Jewish-Christian relations, often in negative ways. In looking at the New Testament in context ...May 11, 2021 · Meanwhile, 44% of Jews of no religion say they do not believe in any higher power. Nine-in-ten Orthodox Jews (93%) say they believe in the God of the Bible, compared with 37% of Conservative Jews, 18% of Reform Jews and 12% of Jews with no denomination. U.S. Christians are far more likely than U.S. Jews to say they believe in God as described ... Stated simply, the Jewish view of Jesus of Nazareth is that he was an ordinary Jewish man and, most likely, a preacher living during the Roman occupation of Israel in the 1st century C.E. The Romans executed him—and many other nationalistic and religious Jews—for speaking out against the Roman authorities and their abuses. difference between s23 and s23+best hoodies men Funeral and Burial. Mourners are greeted by those attending the funeral, and tearing (kriah) of a garment or ribbon is repeated.The funeral has a small number of fixed liturgical elements, including the short prayer El Maleh Rachamim (“God full of compassion”), and usually includes psalms and a hesped, or eulogy.The service may take place in a funeral …A Gentile is one belonging to any nation or people group other than the Jewish people group. The term "Gentile" is used to describe non-Jewish people or nations. The distinction between Jews and Gentiles is significant in the New Testament, especially in the context of the early Christian community.I met two 23 year-old Messianic Jews at a café in Tel Aviv while they were attending a conference hosted by an American evangelical group. People "still think," one said, "that accepting Yeshua ... asics gel kayano 14 cream black For centuries, the most common image of Jesus Christ, at least in Western cultures, has been that of a bearded, fair-skinned man with long, wavy, light brown or blond hair and (often) blue eyes ...Table of Contents Home Philosophy & Religion Religious Personages & Scholars Jewish Palestine at the time of Jesus The political situation Palestine: Roman era Palestine …In a day and age when US law enforcement reports more hate crimes against Jews than any other religious group, and when scholars increasingly find that Jesus and the early church were more Jewish ... what is bleed in printingeames storage unit It is believed that the weight of the cross that Jesus carried to his crucifixion was over 300 pounds. The horizontal bar known as the patibulum had a weight of between 75 and 125 ... In an email to me she wrote, “Just as there is no single Jewish view on most matters, there is no single Jewish view about Jesus of Nazareth: some Jews regard him as a wise rabbi, others view him as a heretic; some find inspiration in his teachings, others take offense at his claims.” Let's read on to find out some more of the Jewish beliefs about Heaven and Hell, and subsequently how that compares with what Messianic Jewish Believers (Jewish Believers in Jesus) believe. On ...Jan 31, 2023 · Thomas Reese. (RNS) — To understand the Eucharist, we must remember that Jesus and his first disciples were all Jews. We might even say the first Christians were Jewish heretics because, unlike ... Jewish people hold the belief that God is one and unique and that they should direct prayers to Him alone. Other outstanding characteristics of the Jewish faith include the strict ...Devotionals Podcasts Why Is it Important to Remember That Jesus Was Jewish? Jesus was born in Bethlehem to a Jewish mother and raised in a Jewish home by parents who …Jan 5, 2020 · That Jesus was a Jew is a fact that most Christians are aware of, if you ask them. But the implications of that fact of Jesus’s Jewishness are often more difficult to think through. Jesus was a ... Jun 5, 2016 ... You were born a Jew, and you will die a Jew. Rabbi Moss also says that rabbis and educated Jews would never accept Jesus as the Messiah. He ...It is believed that the weight of the cross that Jesus carried to his crucifixion was over 300 pounds. The horizontal bar known as the patibulum had a weight of between 75 and 125 ...Additionally, Jews generally believed that the time of death was determined by God, as Creator. Among the Jews of the first century, some also believed in the literal resurrection of the dead. As a result, Jews believed that the body was to be respected in life and death and that a proper burial was a duty of family members.What do Jewish people think about Jesus? Are there Jewish denominations? What is the origin of the term Jew? Why do some Jewish men wear long black coats? soldering jewelry Jewish commentaries, both traditional and modern, generally view Joseph as a complex character who was ultimately a righteous person. Though some commentators such as Sforno acknowledge the immaturity of his actions when dealing with his brothers in his youth, still Joseph is largely regarded as an admirable figure for maintaining his Israelite ...Rabbi Felix and Bonnie serve as exemplars of end-time warriors, carrying an anointing akin to John the Baptist. Their lives, marked by significant sacrifices ...A review by Rabbi Tamara Cohn Eskenazi of Amy-Jill Levine and Marc Zvi Brettler’s The Bible With and Without Jesus: How Jews and Christians Read the Bible Differently (HarperOne, 2020).. I am suggesting that the totality of truth is made out of the contributions of a multiplicity of people: the uniqueness of each act of listening carries …I met two 23 year-old Messianic Jews at a café in Tel Aviv while they were attending a conference hosted by an American evangelical group. People "still think," one said, "that accepting Yeshua ...Dec 29, 2014 · Christians must measure everything they say and believe about Jesus against the fact of his full, permanent character as an Orthodox Jew. This would make anti-jewish stereotyping impossible. 3 ... cheap one way car rental The Jews are God's Chosen People. No doubt this statement causes an emotional response. There are few concepts in religion that are more emotionally loaded and more misunderstood. If you are Jewish, the idea of "Chosen People" probably feels very uncomfortable -- perhaps as an offensive, divisive, or outdated claim of superiority, …Mar 29, 2021 · -Yeshua (Jesus) is the Messiah, God in the form of man; he alone has the keys to the kingdom of Heaven (Matt. 16:19).-Jews and gentiles who have been born again by believing in Jesus have been ... Nov 24, 2020. One of the major tenets of Judaism is the belief that a redeeming figure known as the Messiah will appear at the end of history, bringing about a profound and positive change in the world, though what this post-messiah world will be like is basically unknown. In the course of reciting the Amidah or Shemoneh Esreh prayers every day ...Jewish deicide is the notion that the Jews as a people are collectively responsible for the killing of Jesus, even through the successive generations following his death. [1] [2] A Biblical justification for the charge of Jewish deicide is derived from Matthew 27:24–25 . The notion arose in early Christianity, the charge was made by Justin ... how to find probability of a and b The Hebrew word for peace, shalom, denotes a sense of completion, perfection — shlemut (“wholeness”). In fact, in the Bible, shalom means “well-being” or “prosperity,” not just “peace.”. Thus, in Judaism, peace is not only the opposite of war, it is an ideal state of affairs.In this sense, peace — perfection — is something that will not be totally achieved …Jun 5, 2016 ... You were born a Jew, and you will die a Jew. Rabbi Moss also says that rabbis and educated Jews would never accept Jesus as the Messiah. He ...It is believed that the weight of the cross that Jesus carried to his crucifixion was over 300 pounds. The horizontal bar known as the patibulum had a weight of between 75 and 125 ...Jews do not accept Jesus as the Christ (which means messiah) because Jesus did not do everything that the Messiah was supposed to do. Jesus did not gather all the Jews to Israel. Jesus did not ...Jesus (born c. 6–4 bce, Bethlehem—died c. 30 ce, Jerusalem) religious leader revered in Christianity, one of the world’s major religions. He is regarded by most Christians as the … leaping bunny certifiedpickleball rebounder It is believed that the weight of the cross that Jesus carried to his crucifixion was over 300 pounds. The horizontal bar known as the patibulum had a weight of between 75 and 125 ...The Old Testament is the Torah, the books of the Prophets and the books of the Writings.Within Judaism this trio is known simply as the Bible, or the Tanakh, an acronym derived from תורה/ Torah (Teaching), נביאים / Nevi’im (Prophets), and כתובים/ Ketuvim (Writings). When the term Old Testament is used, it is often in order to distinguish it from …The Hebrew Bible mandates a complicated system of tithes, both terumah and ma’aser, that are set aside for the priests, the levites and the poor.The primary biblical passages that deal with these requirements are Leviticus 27: 31-33, Numbers 18:21-32 and Deuteronomy 14:22-7 and 26:12, but the requirements were much expanded and explained in the Talmud.Origin and history Biblical origin. According to the Babylonian Talmud, prayer is a biblical command: . You shall serve God with your whole heart' – What service is performed with the heart? This is prayer. Based on this passage, Maimonides categorizes daily prayer as one of the 613 commandments. He rules that the commandment is fulfilled by any prayer at any … The New Testament also reports Jesus to have performed numerous exorcisms of demonic spirits in first-century Palestine (Matthew 12; Mark 5, 6, 13; Luke 8). The Dead Sea Scrolls include several exorcism incantations and formulae, mostly directed against disease-causing demons. Second, all Jewish people have not rejected Jesus as the Messiah. Just as the apostle Paul was a Jewish person who believed (Rom. 11:1), “so too, at the present ...Funeral and Burial. Mourners are greeted by those attending the funeral, and tearing (kriah) of a garment or ribbon is repeated.The funeral has a small number of fixed liturgical elements, including the short prayer El Maleh Rachamim (“God full of compassion”), and usually includes psalms and a hesped, or eulogy.The service may take place in a funeral … For many–but by no means all–contemporary Jews, the messianic idea is as important now as it has been in the past. However, some moderns have rejected the idea that the messianic age will be defined by the arrival of an individual Messiah, and instead look to the messianic dream as a source of hope for a perfected and peaceful world. Why do people think that Jews killed Jesus? The origin of “Jews killed Jesus” is found in the Gospel of Matthew (27:25) within the New Testament. This passage references Jewish religious ...The traditional way of reconciling these seemingly incongruous accounts is that Joseph was Jesus’ adoptive father. In his article, Lincoln offers another way: He posits that knowing the genre of the Gospels helps make sense of this apparent contradiction. As a subset of ancient Greco-Roman biography, the Gospels can be compared to other Greco ...Hope for the Gentiles. Though Jesus never pursues the Gentiles, he clearly sees salvation for peoples of the non-Jewish nations as an important part of the outcome of his ministry. Hope for the non-Jewish nations was foretold in the prophets (Isaiah 2:1–5, 42:1–4; Zechariah 8:20–23, et al.) despite many warnings of divine judgment.Oct 30, 2023 · Broadly speaking, some evangelicals believe that Jewish people returning to Israel following the 1917 Balfour Declaration, a British statement which called for “the establishment in Palestine of ... when i die roll me up The dispensationalist belief in two people of God—Christians and Jews—is contrary to Catholic teaching and to mainline Protestant belief. Again, it didn’t exist until two centuries ago. And Catholics (and most Protestants) believe that Jesus was indeed accepted by many Jews: the Virgin Mary, Peter, the apostles, and many others. Still for all their commonalities, Passover and Easter diverge fundamentally. While both festivals are about delivery from a state of despair, be it slavery or sin, Passover heralds the birth of the Jewish people as a force for good in the comity of nations. In contrast, Easter assures the individual Christian life eternal. The theme of Sefer Vayikra (The Book of Leviticus) is korbanos, the animal sacrifices brought in the Tabernacle and, later, in the Temple.. The Rambam (), in his Guide to the Perplexed, writes:The purpose of sacrifices being incorporated into the Divine service of the Jewish people was to accommodate the transition of the people going from the extreme … why is my tax return so low 2023 Gentiles (i.e., non‑Jewish people of “the nations,” a.k.a. Goyim) came to embrace the message of Messiah Jesus from their Jewish neighbors in such high numbers that faith in Jesus slowly came to be known as an entirely Gentile thing. But Jesus himself did not personally embrace the Gentiles during his ministry. In fact, he largely avoided ... Most Jewish ideas about the afterlife developed in post-biblical times. What the Bible Says. The Bible itself has very few references to life after death. Sheol, the bowels of the earth, is portrayed as the place of the dead, but in most instances Sheol seems to be more a metaphor for oblivion than an actual place where the dead “live” and retain consciousness. Whereas for Christians, the “Messiah” card is toward the top of the deck, for Jews, it is further down. Jewishly, we pray for the coming of the Messiah. For some, that is a person, an idea or an era in time. There is a belief in our Jewish toolkit which says we are to work to bring about the messianic era and then the Messiah will come. I ... The relation of Jesus’ teaching to the Jewish law. Jewish law is the focus of many passages in the Gospels. According to one set, especially prominent in the Sermon on the Mount (Matthew 5–7), Jesus admonished his followers to observe the law unwaveringly (Matthew 5:17–48). According to another set, he did not adhere strictly to the law ... fixing drywall holescheap cars for rent near me Judaism teaches that death does not end a soul’s journey. The soul, which was joined to a body in life, continues into an Afterlife. Classical Jewish theologians debate the nature of the Afterlife. According to Maimonides (Rambam, d. 1204), the Afterlife is a purely spiritual experience of souls receiving reward and punishment for the good ...Salvation is through Messiah, but Torah still has value for our lives. As Jewish followers of Yeshua (Jesus), we value our Jewish identity and believe in the holiness and significance of the Torah. The Torah is God’s Word and will not pass away. As Jewish people, we believe that we are called to be a light to the nations through the covenant ... what i like about you show What Do Jews Believe About Jesus? FAQ. My Jewish Learning is a not-for-profit and relies on your help. ... According to the Gospels of Matthew (26: 63-6) and Mark (14: 53-64) Jesus was tried by the Sanhedrin on a charge of blasphemy, but New Testament scholars have puzzled over both the question of the historicity of the event and the precise ...Written in an accessible style, What Do Jewish People Think about Jesus? answers sixty common questions about Jewish people and Jewish culture. Drawn from the steady stream of questions Michael L. Brown's ministry receives every month, the book's questions reflect the perennial Christian fascination with Jewish customs and beliefs.Additionally, Jews generally believed that the time of death was determined by God, as Creator. Among the Jews of the first century, some also believed in the literal resurrection of the dead. As a result, Jews believed that the body was to be respected in life and death and that a proper burial was a duty of family members.Salvation is through Messiah, but Torah still has value for our lives. As Jewish followers of Yeshua (Jesus), we value our Jewish identity and believe in the holiness and significance of the Torah. The Torah is God’s Word and will not pass away. As Jewish people, we believe that we are called to be a light to the nations through the covenant ...Kapporot is a Jewish ritual practiced by some Jews on the eve of Yom Kippur. The person swings a live chicken or a bundle of coins over one's head three times, symbolically transferring one's sins to the chicken or coins—a form of guilt offering. The chicken is then slaughtered and donated to the poor for consumption at the prefast meal.In a day and age when US law enforcement reports more hate crimes against Jews than any other religious group, and when scholars increasingly find that Jesus and the early church were more Jewish ...Answer: Yes, they can, and indeed salvation is from the Jews, as Jesus Christ teaches (John 4:22). But anyone who is saved is saved by Jesus Christ, the Jewish Messiah and Savior of all mankind, and through his Catholic Church (see CCC 846-848). In addition, we should not presume upon the salvation of non-Catholics, nor on our own salvation.Jun 5, 2016 ... You were born a Jew, and you will die a Jew. Rabbi Moss also says that rabbis and educated Jews would never accept Jesus as the Messiah. He ... According to the. Torah. , the Messiah will be: a male descendant of the Jewish King David. human - he will have a human birth and human parents. a perfect teacher of God’s law. a great ... outdoor apparel brands The word “forgiveness” or “pardon” (in Hebrew, s‑l‑h) appears for the first time in the story of the golden calf: “Pardon our iniquity and our sin” (Exod. 34:9).The story of the spies contains a similar idea: “Pardon, I pray, the iniquity of this people according to Your great kindness, as You have tolerated [carried] this ...Historian Bart Ehrman. You do find Jesus calling himself God in the Gospel of John, or the last Gospel. Jesus says things like, "Before Abraham was, I am." And, "I and the Father are one," and ... swiftui tutorial God chose the Jewish people to be in a unique covenant with God; the description of this covenant is the Torah itself. Contrary to popular belief, Jewish people do not simply say that "God chose the Jews". This claim, by itself, exists nowhere in the Tanakh (the Jewish Bible). Such a claim could imply that God loves only the Jewish people, that ... He refers to Jesus as the “wise King” of the Jews, and perhaps in reference to the antithesis of the Sermon on the Mount, remarks that it was said he promulgated new laws (Matt …Jewish Messianic Interpretations of Isaiah 53. It’s commonly maintained that Isaiah 53 was never considered messianic by rabbis and Jewish sages. Sometimes the statement is phrased as, “Judaism teaches” that Isaiah 53 refers to the nation of Israel. The fact is that Isaiah 53 (more precisely, 52:13 to 53:12) has been interpreted in ... septic tanks pumping Jul 24, 2019 · 1:28. When Alabama Gov. Kay Ivey, a Republican, signed into law in May one of the nation’s most restrictive abortion bans, she invoked her faith. “To the bill’s many supporters, this ... The Book of James is one of the most beloved books of the New Testament. It is filled with practical advice and timeless wisdom that can be applied to our lives today. The Book of ...Christians believe that Jesus came to the earth to fulfill Old Testament prophesy, to save sinners and the lost, to defeat the devil and to cast away sin. God wrapped Himself in hu...Different Christian denominations hold varying views on multiple topics. Over the past two thousand years, these doctrinal differences have often generated conflict, even to the point of religious wars. Despite huge variations in belief on some topics, however, one thing all Christian denominations…Dr. Amy-Jill Levine, who is Jewish, focused on how first-century Jews would understand parables Jesus told, especially those of the Prodigal Son, the Good Samaritan, the lost sheep, the woman who lost 10 coins. She said she discerned her vocation to teach Christian ministers how to read the New Testament after a childhood experience of being ...Maimonides. Maimonides referred to Muhammad as a false prophet and an insane man. In his Epistle to Yemen he wrote "After [Jesus] arose the Madman who emulated his precursor [Jesus], since he paved the way for him. But he added the further objective of procuring rule and submission [ talb al-mulk; pursuit of sovereignty] and he invented what ...“In the mid-1950s, there were just a few Hebrew-Christians,” says the Messianic Jewish Movement International, a ministry chartered in May 1963 and underwritten for its first two …The idea that a human being–the Messiah–will help usher in the redemption of the Jewish people has roots in the Bible. However, Jewish sources have not, as a general rule, focused attention on the specific personal qualities of the Messiah. Images of the Messiah as humble or as a child are juxtaposed with images of a victorious and wise ...Who was Jesus Christ? This question has been asked by millions of people throughout history, and the answer holds immense significance for millions more. Jesus Christ is a central ...The dispensationalist belief in two people of God—Christians and Jews—is contrary to Catholic teaching and to mainline Protestant belief. Again, it didn’t exist until two centuries ago. And Catholics (and most Protestants) believe that Jesus was indeed accepted by many Jews: the Virgin Mary, Peter, the apostles, and many others.The question of whether Jews believe in Jesus Christ involves into the complex interplay between Judaism and Christianity, two of the world’s major religions. In Jewish thought, …Shaye I.D. Cohen: Samuel Ungerleider Professor of Judaic Studies and Professor of Religious Studies Brown University Was Jesus Jewish and, if he was, how would that …The theme of Sefer Vayikra (The Book of Leviticus) is korbanos, the animal sacrifices brought in the Tabernacle and, later, in the Temple.. The Rambam (), in his Guide to the Perplexed, writes:The purpose of sacrifices being incorporated into the Divine service of the Jewish people was to accommodate the transition of the people going from the extreme …1964. The question of the responsibility of the Jewish people for the crucifixion of Christ may well become one of the major theological issues of the day. The traditional view has been that the ...Most Jews believe in sin (at least once a year—on Yom Kippur)! Yom Kippur, the Day of Atonement, is the holiest and most somber day of the Jewish year. Yom Kippur concludes the Ten Days of Awe that begin with Rosh Hashanah (the Jewish New Year). Like Rosh Hashanah, Yom Kippur is a prospective holiday, when we prepare for …Canavan disease is a condition that affects how the body breaks down and uses aspartic acid. Canavan disease is a condition that affects how the body breaks down and uses aspartic ...Jewish texts and lore are replete with miracles and wonders, from the shofar blast that brought down the walls of Jericho (Joshua 6:20) to the bush that burned with fire but was not consumed (Exodus 3:14) to what is perhaps the most iconic miracle of all time: the splitting of the Red Sea (Exodus 14:21).. Likewise, many Jewish holidays commemorate … alfa romeo giulia gtasmall electronics repair near me Written in an accessible style, What Do Jewish People Think about Jesus? answers sixty common questions about Jewish people and Jewish culture. Drawn from the steady stream of questions Michael L. Brown's ministry receives every month, the book's questions reflect the perennial Christian fascination with Jewish customs and beliefs. A Jewish … best budget hotels in paris Maimonides. Maimonides referred to Muhammad as a false prophet and an insane man. In his Epistle to Yemen he wrote "After [Jesus] arose the Madman who emulated his precursor [Jesus], since he paved the way for him. But he added the further objective of procuring rule and submission [ talb al-mulk; pursuit of sovereignty] and he invented what ...Jun 5, 2016 ... You were born a Jew, and you will die a Jew. Rabbi Moss also says that rabbis and educated Jews would never accept Jesus as the Messiah. He ...J esus wasn't a Christian – that word exists for his followers and came later. He was Jewish. His mother was Jewish. He was circumcised as a Jew. He pretty much followed the Jewish law ...For centuries, the most common image of Jesus Christ, at least in Western cultures, has been that of a bearded, fair-skinned man with long, wavy, light brown or blond hair and (often) blue eyes ...In these cases, Jesus—as a Jew—was used as a stand-in for all Jewish martyrdom throughout the ages. Yet his death remained unique among all the other deaths of his coreligionists, because it provided atonement not for an individual or small group, but for the world. This content was adapted from an earlier Jews for Jesus article. Endnotes. 1.I believe the (Jewish) Messiah and (Christian) Christ will be one in the same! I also believe we need to be prepared when that Day of the Lord happens. Jesus came with one agenda – to pay for ...Additionally, Jews generally believed that the time of death was determined by God, as Creator. Among the Jews of the first century, some also believed in the literal resurrection of the dead. As a result, Jews believed that the body was to be respected in life and death and that a proper burial was a duty of family members.Jun 3, 2021 ... Why Jewish People Don't Believe In Jesus | Dr. ... Jews for Jesus vs Messianic Jews for Jesus. Jews for ... What is Judaism and what do Jews believe ...Apparently, reports of misadventures are virtually non-existent in Catholic tradition. Jews, as always, are highly self-critical. In a related tradition, it is believed righteous individuals have the power to gather up lost souls who are trapped in this world and release them so they may continue their journey into the afterlife.Jesus Christ, the eschaton or end, enters at the mid-point pointing the way for humanity to the ultimate end when God will be “all in all.”. St. Augustine’s sermon or treatise on the Jews focuses on this very theme of how the reading of God’s revelation in Hebrew Scriptures is changed by Jesus Christ. God sent Jesus through the Jewish people to the rest of the world. Jewish people also have a calling to proclaim the gospel, and the Jewish apostle Paul assures us that “the gifts and the calling of God are irrevocable” (Romans 11:29). We’re still chosen to bring His good news to the world. The organization Jews for Jesus exists because there are still many Jewish people, like us, who believe in Jesus, and there are still many Jewish people who have never heard that Jesus is for us.. Every day across the globe, we engage Jewish people with the good news that Jesus is the Messiah, then equip them to live a life of meaningful faith and …Jesus (born c. 6–4 bce, Bethlehem—died c. 30 ce, Jerusalem) religious leader revered in Christianity, one of the world’s major religions. He is regarded by most Christians as the …The implication is that if you lived as a member of the people of Israel, you lived in relationship with God and that relationship would persist on the soul level even after death. In Pirkei Avot 4:21, Rabbi Yaakov taught: “This world is like a passageway to the World to Come. ... What Do Jews Believe About Jesus? How Judaism regards the man ... limp bizkit keep rollinwhat is american cheese Mar 5, 2024 ... In Jewish thought, there are two central figures associated with God: the Abraham and Moses. The relationships between the Creatorthese two men ...Rosen and his followers claim that Jesus' coming was predicted in ancient Hebrew Scriptures, and therefore, if Jews follow the Torah, then they must believe in ...The dispensationalist belief in two people of God—Christians and Jews—is contrary to Catholic teaching and to mainline Protestant belief. Again, it didn’t exist until two centuries ago. And Catholics (and most Protestants) believe that Jesus was indeed accepted by many Jews: the Virgin Mary, Peter, the apostles, and many others.Jewish people hold the belief that God is one and unique and that they should direct prayers to Him alone. Other outstanding characteristics of the Jewish faith include the strict ...The dispensationalist belief in two people of God—Christians and Jews—is contrary to Catholic teaching and to mainline Protestant belief. Again, it didn’t exist until two centuries ago. And Catholics (and most Protestants) believe that Jesus was indeed accepted by many Jews: the Virgin Mary, Peter, the apostles, and many others.The implication is that if you lived as a member of the people of Israel, you lived in relationship with God and that relationship would persist on the soul level even after death. In Pirkei Avot 4:21, Rabbi Yaakov taught: “This world is like a passageway to the World to Come. ... What Do Jews Believe About Jesus? How Judaism regards the man ...Jewish texts and lore are replete with miracles and wonders, from the shofar blast that brought down the walls of Jericho (Joshua 6:20) to the bush that burned with fire but was not consumed (Exodus 3:14) to what is perhaps the most iconic miracle of all time: the splitting of the Red Sea (Exodus 14:21).. Likewise, many Jewish holidays commemorate … pet skunk Written in an accessible style, What Do Jewish People Think about Jesus? answers sixty common questions about Jewish people and Jewish culture. Drawn from the steady …Written in an accessible style, What Do Jewish People Think about Jesus? answers sixty common questions about Jewish people and Jewish culture. Drawn from the steady … Adherents of Judaism believe that Jesus of Nazareth was not the Messiah nor "the Son of God". In the Jewish perspective, it is believed that the way Christians see Jesus goes against monotheism, a belief in the absolute unity and singularity of God, which is central to Judaism; the worship of a person is seen by them as a form of idolatry. The biggest difference between the Jewish and Christian religions is their perception of Jesus. While Christians believe that Jesus is the Messiah, Jewish people believe he was a t... 12th wedding anniversary giftsticker shop near me Jehovah's Witnesses believe that Jesus is not equal with God. They teach that Jesus was created by God and not coexistent wth Him. This, of course, is a major diversion from orthodox Christianity. JW.org explains, " [W]e take Jesus at his word when he said: 'The Father is greater than I am.' (John 14:28) So we do not worship Jesus, as …For centuries, the most common image of Jesus Christ, at least in Western cultures, has been that of a bearded, fair-skinned man with long, wavy, light brown or blond hair and (often) blue eyes ...Angels are supernatural beings that appear widely throughout Jewish literature. The Hebrew word for angel, mal’ach, means messenger, and the angels in early biblical sources deliver specific information or carry out some particular function.In the Torah, an angel prevents Abraham from slaughtering his son Isaac, appears to Moses in the burning … awd toyota camry They believe God revealed his laws and commandments to the Jews in what they call the Torah, which is the same as the first five books of the Christian Bible ( ...Who was Jesus Christ? This question has been asked by millions of people throughout history, and the answer holds immense significance for millions more. Jesus Christ is a central ...Jewish thinkers have been aware of this paradox for ages, and many different solutions to this problem have been proposed. ... Jews are commanded to believe in God, and this is the commandment upon which all of Judaism depends. On the other hand, there are traditional sources—albeit few and far between—that minimize the role of God in Judaism.Other thinkers and texts stress the utopian–not the restorative–nature of the messianic era and suggest that the age of the Messiah will be a super-natural time. According to one talmudic source, for example, humans will have only good inclinations in the messianic era (Babylonian Talmud, Sukkah 52a).For many–but by no means all–contemporary Jews, … Adherents of Judaism believe that Jesus of Nazareth was not the Messiah nor "the Son of God". In the Jewish perspective, it is believed that the way Christians see Jesus goes against monotheism, a belief in the absolute unity and singularity of God, which is central to Judaism; the worship of a person is seen by them as a form of idolatry. universal studio horror nightsbanter piercing Some say that the wicked are utterly destroyed and cease to exist, while others believe in eternal damnation (Maimonides, Mishneh Torah, Law of Repentance, 3:5-6). We Don’t … • Christians believe they eat the real body and the real blood of Jesus when they “take communion” and are thus engaged in some sort of cannibalism. • Christians are necessarily anti-Jewish, think all Jews are going to hell, and therefore the proclamations of the church lead directly to the ovens of Auschwitz. Freemasonry has always been religious in character, though it subscribes to no particular orthodoxy. To become a Freemason, the applicant has to be an adult male and must believe in the existence of a supreme being and in the immortality of the soul. The teachings of Freemasonry enjoin morality, charity, and obedience to the law of the land.Jesus through Jewish eyes. My first encounter with Jesus was in primary school Nativity plays. Teachers desperately - kindly - tried to find me theologically uncontroversial roles - a sheep or a ...In WHY THE JEWS REJECTED JESUS, David Klinghoffer reveals that the Jews since ancient times accepted not only the historical existence of Jesus but the role of certain …Jan 31, 2023 · Thomas Reese. (RNS) — To understand the Eucharist, we must remember that Jesus and his first disciples were all Jews. We might even say the first Christians were Jewish heretics because, unlike ... In his book, Ehrman marshals all of the evidence proving the existence of Jesus, including the writings of the apostle Paul. "Paul knew Jesus' brother, James, and he knew his closest disciple ...For centuries, the most common image of Jesus Christ, at least in Western cultures, has been that of a bearded, fair-skinned man with long, wavy, light brown or blond hair and (often) blue eyes ...At our brother site Gizmodo, Jesus Diaz posts a ripping rant against what he calls "beta culture," and consumers' tolerance for half-baked software and hardware that breaks more of...The Shulhan Arukh writes of a suicide: “We do not mourn for him, or eulogize for him, or tear our clothing for him, or remove shoes for him. We only stand for him on a line and say the blessing of mourners for him, and any other thing that is respectful for the living.” As a result, it was once common practice to bury suicides outside the cemetery gates or in a special …Tracing the evolution of these terms gives us some idea of the ancient Israelites’ beliefs regarding the soul. In the Creation story, we read of God blowing a “breath of life” into the man of earth and dust (Genesis 2:7). The word used here, neshamah, is a form of the Hebrew root indicating breath. Although this word later becomes ...Shaye I.D. Cohen: Samuel Ungerleider Professor of Judaic Studies and Professor of Religious Studies Brown University Was Jesus Jewish and, if he was, how would that …The Book of James is one of the most beloved books of the New Testament. It is filled with practical advice and timeless wisdom that can be applied to our lives today. The Book of ...The Hebrew word for peace, shalom, denotes a sense of completion, perfection — shlemut (“wholeness”). In fact, in the Bible, shalom means “well-being” or “prosperity,” not just “peace.”. Thus, in Judaism, peace is not only the opposite of war, it is an ideal state of affairs.In this sense, peace — perfection — is something that will not be totally achieved …Thomas Reese. (RNS) — To understand the Eucharist, we must remember that Jesus and his first disciples were all Jews. We might even say the first Christians were Jewish heretics because, unlike ... God sent Jesus through the Jewish people to the rest of the world. Jewish people also have a calling to proclaim the gospel, and the Jewish apostle Paul assures us that “the gifts and the calling of God are irrevocable” (Romans 11:29). We’re still chosen to bring His good news to the world. .compareto javasacramento tattoo shops The Vatican's Commission for Religious Relations with Jews has released a major new document claiming that Jews are saved even without believing in Jesus Christ. The theological document, titled " The Gifts and Calling of God are irrevocable ," was presented by a group of Catholic and Jewish leaders during a press conference at the … car paint shop The relation of Jesus’ teaching to the Jewish law. Jewish law is the focus of many passages in the Gospels. According to one set, especially prominent in the Sermon on the Mount (Matthew 5–7), Jesus admonished his followers to observe the law unwaveringly (Matthew 5:17–48). According to another set, he did not adhere strictly to the law ... Find an upcoming eventhosted by Jewish organizations across the world, or explore our on-demand sectionto view recordings of past events. Text Study. What Is A Rabbi, What Was A Rabbi – and Was Jesus A Rabbi? Hosted By:Orange County Community Scholar Program (CSP) What is a rabbi? What was a rabbi? Was Jesus a …The relation of Jesus’ teaching to the Jewish law. Jewish law is the focus of many passages in the Gospels. According to one set, especially prominent in the Sermon on the Mount (Matthew 5–7), Jesus admonished his followers to observe the law unwaveringly (Matthew 5:17–48). According to another set, he did not adhere strictly to the law ...Most major religions believe so. Yet there is remarkably little in early Jewish sources on this question. In the Five Books of Moses, the first five volumes of the Hebrew Bible, what happens to an individual after death is hardly addressed. ... The implication is that if you lived as a member of the people of Israel, you lived in relationship ...Whereas for Christians, the “Messiah” card is toward the top of the deck, for Jews, it is further down. Jewishly, we pray for the coming of the Messiah. For some, that is a person, an idea or an era in time. There is a belief in our Jewish toolkit which says we are to work to bring about the messianic era and then the Messiah will come. I ...A Messianic Jew is a person of Jewish heritage who believes in Jesus as their Savior and Lord. Although we can list many examples from the New Testament of Jewish people who came to Christ, we’ll discuss the newer history of the Messianic Jewish movement, some of the pillars of the denomination, and why we should know about …Feb 26, 2019 · While billions of people believe Jesus of Nazareth was one of the most important figures in world history, ... his massive 20-volume history of the Jewish people that was written around 93 A.D. ... Additionally, Jews generally believed that the time of death was determined by God, as Creator. Among the Jews of the first century, some also believed in the literal resurrection of the dead. As a result, Jews believed that the body was to be respected in life and death and that a proper burial was a duty of family members.Jul 24, 2019 · 1:28. When Alabama Gov. Kay Ivey, a Republican, signed into law in May one of the nation’s most restrictive abortion bans, she invoked her faith. “To the bill’s many supporters, this ... Isaiah’s book, according to Jewish tradition written some 2,700 years ago in First-Temple-period Jerusalem, is a singularly rich source of the Jewish understanding of the end times and the ...The implication is that if you lived as a member of the people of Israel, you lived in relationship with God and that relationship would persist on the soul level even after death. In Pirkei Avot 4:21, Rabbi Yaakov taught: “This world is like a passageway to the World to Come. ... What Do Jews Believe About Jesus? How Judaism regards the man ...Jewish deicide is the notion that the Jews as a people are collectively responsible for the killing of Jesus, even through the successive generations following his death. [1] [2] A Biblical justification for the charge of Jewish deicide is derived from Matthew 27:24–25 . The notion arose in early Christianity, the charge was made by Justin ...Mar 22, 2022 · Many people are under the impression that Jesus had no regard for Judaism and defied the sages of his time in order to begin a new religion. It is no wonder, then, that most of the Jewish community does not consider him to be a candidate for the Messiah. However, if we examine what he really said and did, a very different picture of Jesus ... A review by Rabbi Tamara Cohn Eskenazi of Amy-Jill Levine and Marc Zvi Brettler’s The Bible With and Without Jesus: How Jews and Christians Read the Bible Differently (HarperOne, 2020).. I am suggesting that the totality of truth is made out of the contributions of a multiplicity of people: the uniqueness of each act of listening carries …Table of Contents Home Philosophy & Religion Religious Personages & Scholars Jewish Palestine at the time of Jesus The political situation Palestine: Roman era Palestine … The word “forgiveness” or “pardon” (in Hebrew, s‑l‑h) appears for the first time in the story of the golden calf: “Pardon our iniquity and our sin” (Exod. 34:9).The story of the spies contains a similar idea: “Pardon, I pray, the iniquity of this people according to Your great kindness, as You have tolerated [carried] this ... The relation of Jesus’ teaching to the Jewish law. Jewish law is the focus of many passages in the Gospels. According to one set, especially prominent in the Sermon on the Mount (Matthew 5–7), Jesus admonished his followers to observe the law unwaveringly (Matthew 5:17–48). According to another set, he did not adhere strictly to the law ... Thus would they collaborate in keeping the commandments at home. [51] Throughout the years that followed, up to Jesus' public ministry, Mary was, for Jesus, what every Jewish mother was supposed to be for her child. “While Joseph was alive Mary apparently went with him to Passover, Pentecost, and Tabernacles.”.The word “forgiveness” or “pardon” (in Hebrew, s‑l‑h) appears for the first time in the story of the golden calf: “Pardon our iniquity and our sin” (Exod. 34:9).The story of the spies contains a similar idea: “Pardon, I pray, the iniquity of this people according to Your great kindness, as You have tolerated [carried] this ... Judaism, as the Jewish religion came to be known in the 1st century ce, was based on ancient Israelite religion, shorn of many of its Canaanite characteristics but with the addition of important features from Babylonia and Persia. The Jews differed from other people in the ancient world because they believed that there was only one God. Mar 2, 2024 · Ancient Jews usually had only one name, and, when greater specificity was needed, it was customary to add the father’s name or the place of origin. Thus, in his lifetime Jesus was called Jesus son of Joseph (Luke 4:22; John 1:45, 6:42), Jesus of Nazareth (Acts 10:38), or Jesus the Nazarene (Mark 1:24; Luke 24:19). After his death he came to ... sfp vs sfp+bennett winch Jewish Messianic Interpretations of Isaiah 53. It’s commonly maintained that Isaiah 53 was never considered messianic by rabbis and Jewish sages. Sometimes the statement is phrased as, “Judaism teaches” that Isaiah 53 refers to the nation of Israel. The fact is that Isaiah 53 (more precisely, 52:13 to 53:12) has been interpreted in ...The history of Jewish surnames is a complex and fascinating one. For centuries, Jews have used surnames to identify themselves and their families, often in the face of persecution ... God sent Jesus through the Jewish people to the rest of the world. Jewish people also have a calling to proclaim the gospel, and the Jewish apostle Paul assures us that “the gifts and the calling of God are irrevocable” (Romans 11:29). We’re still chosen to bring His good news to the world. PURIFICATION: PURIFICATION IN JUDAISM The concept of purity represents one of the cornerstones of Jewish religiosity from its earliest articulation in biblical literature. Indeed, the ideal of attaining purity by purification from the various kinds of impurities enumerated in the Book of Leviticus forms an integral part of the notion of holiness in that book, as well …The hostile feelings were religiously, not racially, motivated.] Jews were forbidden to build synagogues and to study the oral law. The Jews were said to be Christ‑killers, and anti‑Judaism was the norm in preaching. In the very same period groups within the Christian church were persecuted for being “Jewish‑Christians.” kirkland bourbon Most Jewish ideas about the afterlife developed in post-biblical times. What the Bible Says. The Bible itself has very few references to life after death. Sheol, the bowels of the earth, is portrayed as the place of the dead, but in most instances Sheol seems to be more a metaphor for oblivion than an actual place where the dead “live” and retain consciousness. Most Jewish ideas about the afterlife developed in post-biblical times. What the Bible Says. The Bible itself has very few references to life after death. Sheol, the bowels of the earth, is portrayed as the place of the dead, but in most instances Sheol seems to be more a metaphor for oblivion than an actual place where the dead “live” and retain consciousness. Jun 5, 2016 ... You were born a Jew, and you will die a Jew. Rabbi Moss also says that rabbis and educated Jews would never accept Jesus as the Messiah. He ...Jul 13, 1984 ... Then how would you define a Jew? A Christian? “A Jew,” the ministry explains, “is a person who belongs to the people with whom God made ... killing the sacred deer movieactivity dates nyc ---2